About Closed-End Funds

Exchange-Traded Liquidity

Closed-end funds are typically listed on a major exchange such as the NYSE, NASDAQ and AMEX. An exchange listing provides investors with the benefits of intra-day liquidity and the ability to track the investment intra-day. Unlike mutual funds, closed-end funds allow an investor to obtain an intra-day price quotation, purchase or sell shares throughout the trading day, sell short, and place market or limit orders to purchase or sell shares.

To help keep investors informed, using the fund's ticker symbol, one can easily access current and historical pricing and performance information via financial publications, select newspapers and other electronic services.

Access to Alternative Securities and Strategies

The closed-end fund structure provides an investment vehicle to invest in alternative securities and strategies historically viewed as institutional or strategies generally not available within other investment vehicles. Although not exclusive to closed-end funds, some examples of alternative securities include, but are not limited to, convertible securities, master limited partnerships ("MLPs"), senior loans and commodities. Some examples of alternative strategies include covered-call writing and dividend capture strategies.

Opportunity to Buy Shares at a Discount

During any period of time, a closed-end fund's market price may be at, above or below its net asset value ("NAV"). The premium or discount valuation is in reference to the closed-end fund's underlying NAV and is calculated as market price minus NAV, divided by NAV [(Market Price-NAV)/NAV]. Although there is no single reason that succinctly explains why closed-end funds trade at discounts or premiums to their underlying net asset values, there are several factors that may contribute to premiums or discounts. Some factors include, but are not limited to, investor sentiment, supply and demand of the fund, historical performance and the yield the strategy has historically been able to generate for shareholders.

Investors may find it advantageous to buy a fund when it is trading at a discount to its NAV as every dollar working for the Fund (NAV) is greater than every dollar invested (market price). The yield, if purchased at a discount, based upon market price, will be higher than if based on the NAV of the portfolio. Conversely, if a closed-end fund is purchased at a premium to its NAV, the yield would be reduced as compared to a purchase at NAV. There is no guarantee that a fund's yield will not fall regardless of whether the discount widens. In addition, as an investor's total return will be impacted by the value of the fund's shares, a widening discount may negatively affect total return.

Ability to Leverage

As a means of attempting to improve the common shareholder's total return, many closed-end funds will utilize leverage to help enhance a fund's yield and overall performance potential. A closed-end fund may benefit from leverage by borrowing and/or issuing preferred shares at a lower interest rate and investing those monies at a higher reinvestment rate to take advantage of any spread that may exist. In general, leverage may be a positive contributor to performance if the rate earned on the investment strategy exceeds the cost of borrowing or issuing preferred shares. Conversely, leverage can detract from the overall fund performance if the spread narrows; thereby pressuring a fund's cash flows.

Leverage can be structured in a number of different ways. The most typical forms of closed-end fund leverage include the issuance of senior securities in the form of preferred shares, or the utilization of commercial paper, bank loans or debt securities. Leveraging carries certain risks, including higher volatility of NAV, share price and income, which may increase the chance of loss to the common shareholders.

Leverage is a speculative technique which may expose a fund to greater risk and increase its costs. Increases and decreases in the value of the fund's portfolio will be magnified when a fund utilizes leverage. For example, leverage may cause greater swings in a fund's NAV or cause a fund to lose more than it invested. A fund will also have to pay interest or dividends on its leverage, reducing a fund's return. This expense may be greater than a fund's return on the underlying investment. There is no assurance that a fund's leveraging strategy will be successful.

Attractive Income Potential

Many closed-end funds are considered income vehicles that are designed to distribute income to shareholders via periodic distributions. Investors generally have the option of receiving distributions in cash or having them reinvested through the fund's dividend reinvestment program ("DRIP"). By utilizing the fund's DRIP, investors can purchase additional shares of the fund at regular intervals, and over time, this program has the potential to lead to higher total returns.

This method does not ensure a profit and does not protect against loss in a declining market.

There can be no assurance that any closed-end fund will achieve its investment objective(s). Past performance does not guarantee future results. The value of any closed-end fund will fluctuate with the value of the underlying securities. Until the original listing of a closed-end fund on an exchange, no closed-end fund's shares will have a history of public trading and, historically closed-end funds often trade at a discount to their net asset value.